Article 895 Cases (1) For the purposes of this Convention statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to his intent where the other party knew or could not have been unaware what that intent was.

(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to the understanding that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would have had in the same circumstances.

(3) In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a reasonable person would have had, due consideration is to be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties.

Number

Issue

# Cases

Interpretation of statements or other conduct of a party

1.1

According to party's own intent where other party knew of such intent

1.2

Otherwise, according to understanding of reasonable person of same kind in same circumstances

Country	Date	Court
Arbitral Award	00-00-1994	ICC Court of Arbitration - Paris
Arbitral Award	21-06-1996	Schiedsgericht der Handelskammer - Hamburg, Germany
Cases: 2
Austria	10-11-1994	Oberster Gerichtshof
Austria	20-03-1997	Oberster Gerichtshof
Austria	17-12-2003	Oberster Gerichtshof
Austria	31-08-2005	Oberster Gerichtshof
Austria	23-01-2006	Oberlandesgericht Linz
Austria	13-12-2012	Oberster Gerichtshof
Cases: 6
France	26-02-1995	Cour d'Appel de Grenoble, Chambre Commerciale
France	06-07-2023	Cour d'Appel Douai
Cases: 2
Germany	26-09-1990	Landgericht Hamburg
Germany	20-11-1992	Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe
Germany	08-02-1995	Oberlandesgericht Hamm
Germany	28-02-1996	Landgericht Oldenburg
Germany	15-09-1997	Landgericht Heilbronn
Germany	25-11-1998	Bundesgerichtshof
Germany	27-12-1999	Oberlandesgericht Dresden
Germany	30-08-2000	Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt
Germany	31-10-2001	Bundesgerichtshof
Germany	30-01-2004	Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf
Germany	03-08-2005	Landgericht Neubrandeburg
Germany	25-01-2008	Oberlandesgericht Hamburg
Germany	24-07-2009	Oberlandesgericht Celle
Germany	28-05-2014	Bundesgerichshof
Cases: 14
Netherlands	07-11-1997	Hoge Raad
Netherlands	25-03-2015	Rechtbank Midden-Nederland
Cases: 2
New Zealand	27-11-2000	Court of Appeal
Cases: 1
Switzerland	19-12-1995	Obergericht des Kantons Thurgau
Switzerland	03-07-1997	Bezirksgericht St. Gallen
Switzerland	22-12-2000	Schweizerisches Bundesgericht
Switzerland	29-10-2003	Tribunale d'Appello di Lugano
Switzerland	03-02-2020	Tribunale d’appello Ticino
Cases: 5
USA	28-09-2007	U.S. District Court, District of Kansas
USA	10-09-2013	U.S. District Court, Western District of Pennsylvania
USA	25-01-2022	Supreme Court of the State of New York, Albany County
Cases: 3