Selected Cases by Article & Issues

Article 1610 Cases
Article 218 Cases
Article 350 Cases
Article 4157 Cases
Article 51 Cases
Article 682 Cases
Article 7212 Cases
Article 895 Cases (1) For the purposes of this Convention statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to his intent where the other party knew or could not have been unaware what that intent was.

(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to the understanding that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would have had in the same circumstances.

(3) In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a reasonable person would have had, due consideration is to be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties.
Number Issue # Cases
1 Interpretation of statements or other conduct of a party 12
1.1 According to party's own intent where other party knew of such intent 28
1.2 Otherwise, according to understanding of reasonable person of same kind in same circumstances 35
2 Relevant circumstances for purposes of interpretation 17
Country Date Court
Arbitral Award 00-00-1995 ICC Court of Arbitration - Paris
Arbitral Award 00-03-1995 ICC Court of Arbitration
Cases: 2
Germany 15-09-1997 Landgericht Heilbronn
Germany 27-12-1999 Oberlandesgericht Dresden
Germany 28-02-2000 Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart, 5. Zivilsenat
Germany 31-10-2001 Bundesgerichtshof
Germany 03-04-2006 Oberlandesgericht Köln
Cases: 5
Netherlands 07-11-1997 Hoge Raad
Netherlands 27-02-2008 Rechtbank Breda
Cases: 2
New Zealand 27-11-2000 Court of Appeal
Cases: 1
Switzerland 04-08-2003 Schweizerisches Bundesgericht
Switzerland 29-10-2003 Tribunale d'Appello di Lugano
Switzerland 05-04-2005 Schweizerisches Bundesgericht
Cases: 3
USA 06-04-1998 U.S. District Court, S.D., New York
USA 29-06-1998 U.S. Court of Appeals, 11th Circuit
USA 05-05-2003 U.S. Circuit Court of Appeal (9th Circuit)
USA 09-05-2018 U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit
Cases: 4
2.1 Negotiations 14
2.2 Practices established between parties 13
2.3 Subsequent conduct of parties 12
2.4 Usages 0
3 Parol evidence rule 11
4 Merger clause 5
Article 953 Cases
Article 109 Cases
Article 1134 Cases
Article 126 Cases
Article 132 Cases
Article 1447 Cases
Article 150 Cases
Article 163 Cases
Article 170 Cases
Article 1876 Cases
Article 1949 Cases
Article 200 Cases
Article 211 Cases
Article 220 Cases
Article 239 Cases
Article 245 Cases
Article 2596 Cases
Article 2621 Cases
Article 279 Cases
Article 283 Cases
Article 2923 Cases
Article 3017 Cases
Article 3156 Cases
Article 322 Cases
Article 3325 Cases
Article 344 Cases
Article 35140 Cases
Article 3627 Cases
Article 370 Cases
Article 3889 Cases
Article 39239 Cases
Article 4032 Cases
Article 412 Cases
Article 426 Cases
Article 432 Cases
Article 449 Cases
Article 4539 Cases
Article 4613 Cases
Article 4724 Cases
Article 489 Cases
Article 49112 Cases
Article 5044 Cases
Article 5115 Cases
Article 525 Cases
Article 5375 Cases
Article 549 Cases
Article 559 Cases
Article 560 Cases
Article 5770 Cases
Article 5820 Cases
Article 5924 Cases
Article 607 Cases
Article 6123 Cases
Article 6224 Cases
Article 6313 Cases
Article 6427 Cases
Article 651 Cases
Article 664 Cases
Article 6716 Cases
Article 680 Cases
Article 696 Cases
Article 701 Cases
Article 7129 Cases
Article 729 Cases
Article 7317 Cases
Article 74149 Cases
Article 7544 Cases
Article 7616 Cases
Article 7743 Cases
Article 78223 Cases
Article 7938 Cases
Article 8014 Cases
Article 8134 Cases
Article 8211 Cases
Article 831 Cases
Article 8427 Cases
Article 855 Cases
Article 866 Cases
Article 873 Cases
Article 8810 Cases
Article 890 Cases
Article 901 Cases
Article 910 Cases
Article 9210 Cases
Article 934 Cases
Article 940 Cases
Article 954 Cases
Article 966 Cases
Article 970 Cases
Article 980 Cases
Article 992 Cases
Article 10022 Cases
Article 1010 Cases
Total Cases in the database 3639