Selected Cases by Article & Issues

Article 1642 Cases
Article 218 Cases
Article 350 Cases
Article 4160 Cases
Article 51 Cases
Article 684 Cases
Article 7219 Cases
Article 896 Cases

(1) For the purposes of this Convention statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to his intent where the other party knew or could not have been unaware what that intent was.

(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to the understanding that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would have had in the same circumstances.

(3) In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a reasonable person would have had, due consideration is to be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties.

Number Issue # Cases
1 Interpretation of statements or other conduct of a party 12
1.1 According to party's own intent where other party knew of such intent 28
1.2 Otherwise, according to understanding of reasonable person of same kind in same circumstances 35
2 Relevant circumstances for purposes of interpretation 18
2.1 Negotiations 14
2.2 Practices established between parties 14
2.3 Subsequent conduct of parties 12
2.4 Usages 1
3 Parol evidence rule 11
4 Merger clause 5
Article 954 Cases
Article 109 Cases
Article 1134 Cases
Article 126 Cases
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