Subjects

Subject Articles
Abuse of Rights
see: Good faith and fair dealing
Acceptance 2.1.6    
effective upon receipt 2.1.6    
Acceptance
indication of assent 2.1.6    
by performance 2.1.6    
silence insufficient 2.1.6    
time of 2.1.7    
fixed period 2.1.8    
late acceptance 2.1.9    
varying terms of offer 2.1.11    
non-material alterations 2.1.11    
withdrawal of acceptance 2.1.11    
Adaptation
see: Avoidance
gross disparity 3.2.7    
resort to court 3.2.7    
hardship 6.2.3    6.2.3    
resort to court 6.2.3    
Additional period for performance
grant of 7.1.5    
termination after 7.3.1    7.3.1    
Agency
see: Authority of agent
Agreed payment for non-performance
defined 7.3.3    
defined 7.4.13    
liquidated damages 7.4.13    
penalty clauses 7.4.13    
validity of 7.4.13    
grossly excessive
Alternative Dispute Resolution
suspension of limitation period by 10.7    
Anticipatory non-performance
see: Reasonable expectation of non-performance
remedy in case of 7.3.3    
Application of UNIDROIT Principles
see: Arbitration
see: Domestic law
see: Mandatory rules
see: Private international law rules
as model for legislators Preamble    
as rules of law governing the contract Preamble    
as "general principles of law" Preamble    
as "lex mercatoria" Preamble    
direct application Preamble    
express choice by the parties Preamble    
together with arbitration clause Preamble    
as substitute for domestic law Preamble    
to interpret domestic law Preamble    
to interpret international conventions Preamble    
Arbitration
see: Court
and UNIDROIT Principles Preamble    
Assignment of contracts
consent of the other party 9.3.3    
defined 9.3.1    
discharge of the assignor 9.3.5    
given in advance 9.3.4    
Assignment of rights
assignor's undertakings 9.1.15    
defined 9.1.1    
future rights 9.1.5    
non-monetary rights 9.1.3    
obligor's rights 9.1.8    9.1.8    9.1.8    
partial 9.1.4    
successive 9.1.11    
without individual specification 9.1.6    
Authority of agent
agent acting without or exceeding its authority 2.2.5    
apparent authority 2.2.5    
conflict of interest 2.2.7    
definition of 2.2.1    
disclosed agency 2.2.3    
establishment of 2.2.2    
liability for damages 2.2.6    
ratification 2.2.9    
sub-agency 2.2.8    
termination of 2.2.10    
undisclosed agency 2.2.4    
Avoidance
damages 3.2.16    
grounds for avoidance 3.2.7    3.2.7    3.2.7    3.2.7    3.2.7    3.2.7    3.2.7    
notice of 3.2.11    
effective upon receipt 3.2.11    
retroactive effect 3.2.14    
Battle of forms
see: Standard terms
Breach of contract
see: Non-performance
Cause 3.1.2    
no need for 3.1.2    
Computation of time set by parties
notion of 1.12    
Conclusion of contract
see: Formation of contract
Condition
Conflict of laws rules
see: Private international law rules
Consideration
no need for 3.1.2    
Contract
binding character of 1.3    
freedom of 1.1    
Contract in favour of third party
see: Third party rights
Course of dealing
see: Practices
Court
defined 1.11    
includes arbitral tribunals 1.11    
Culpa in contrahendo
see: Negotiations
Cure by non-performing party
appropriateness 7.1.4    
notice of cure 7.1.4    
termination, relationship with 7.1.4    
Damages
avoidance and 3.2.16    
causality 7.4.3    
combined with other remedies 7.4.1    7.4.1    
for agent acting without or exceeding its authority 2.2.6    
for breach of confidentiality 2.1.16    
for future benefits lost 7.4.2    
lost chances 7.4.2    
lost profits 7.4.2    
for losses suffered 7.4.2    
non-pecuniary harm 7.4.2    
mitigation, duty of 7.4.8    7.4.8    7.4.8    
payment of 7.4.11    
currency in which to assess 7.4.12    
indexation 7.4.11    
pre-contractual liability 2.1.15    
reliance not expectation 2.1.15    
reduction of 7.4.2    
for contribution to harm 7.4.7    
for harm due to failure to mitigate 7.4.7    
right to 7.4.1    
full compensation 7.4.2    
harm must be certain 7.4.3    
harm must be forseeable 7.4.4    
result from non-performance 7.4.3    7.4.3    
Delay
see: Performance
Dispatch principle
see: Notice
Domestic law
issues governed by 9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    9.3.2    
Duty of co-operation 5.1.3    
cure by non-performing party and 7.1.4    
Duty of confidentiality 2.1.16    
see: Damages
Duty to achieve specific result
see: Obligations
Duty to use best efforts
see: Obligations
Electronic contracting
automated contracting 2.1.1    
e-mail and delay in transmission of message 2.1.9    
e-mail and time of dispatch of message 2.1.8    
modification in a particular form and 2.1.18    
no requirement as to form 1.2    
Estoppel
see: Inconsistent behaviour
Exemption clauses
defined 7.1.6    
validity of 7.1.6    
grossly unfair 7.1.6    
Fair dealing
see: Good faith and fair dealing
Force majeure
defined 7.1.7    
effects of 7.1.7    
temporary impediment 7.1.7    
hardship distinguished 7.1.7    7.1.7    
Formal requirements
freedom from 1.2    
merger clause 2.1.17    
modification in a particular form 2.1.18    
stipulated by parties 2.1.13    
Formation of contract
automated contracting 2.1.1    
conclusion of contract dependent on 2.1.13    
agreement in a particular form 2.1.13    
agreement on specific matters 2.1.13    
manner of 2.1.1    
by acceptance of an offer 2.1.1    
by conduct sufficient to show agreement 2.1.1    
terms deliberately left open 2.1.14    
Fraud
adaptation on ground of 3.2.10    
avoidance on ground of 3.2.5    
defined 3.2.5    
imputable to third person 3.2.8    
Good faith and fair dealing
criterion for supplying of omitted terms 4.8    
of omitted price term 5.1.7    
duty of cooperation and 7.1.2    7.1.2    7.1.2    7.1.2    
general principle underlying UNIDROIT Principles 1.7    
mandatory nature of 1.5    
implied obligation 6.2.3    6.2.3    6.2.3    
Gross disparity
adaptation on ground of 3.2.7    
avoidance on ground of 3.2.7    
Hardship
defined 6.2.2    
effects of 6.2.3    
exceptional character of 6.2.1    
renegotiations 6.2.3    
measures court may take if negotiations fail 6.2.3    
Illegality
Impossibility
see: Public permission requirements
see: Initial impossibility
Imputation
imputation of non-monetary obligations 6.1.13    
imputation of payments 6.1.12    
Inconsistent behaviour 1.8    
prohibition of 1.8    
Initial impossibility
lack of legal title to dispose 3.1.3    
performance impossible from outset 3.2.2    3.2.2    
Integration clause
see: Merger clause
Interest
accrues from time payment due 7.4.9    
additional damages recoverable 7.4.9    
on damages 7.4.10    
rate of interest 7.4.9    
Interference by other party
excuse for own non-performance 7.1.1    
performance impossible due to 7.1.2    
Interpretation of contract
circumstances relevant to 4.3    
determination of kind of obligation involved 5.1.5    
multiple language versions 4.7    
rules governing 4.3    
all terms to be given effect 4.5    
common intention to prevail 4.1    
contra proferentem rule 4.6    
reference to contract as a whole 4.4    
rules governing 4.3    
all terms to be given effect 4.5    
common intention to prevail 4.1    
contra proferentem rule 4.6    
reference to contract as a whole 4.4    
Interpretation of statements and other conduct
circumstances relevant 4.3    
rules for interpretation of contract apply by analogy 4.2    
Interpretation of UNIDROIT Principles
see: UNIDROIT Principles
Judicial penalties 7.2.4    
see: Right to performance
Lex mercatoria
see: Application of UNIDROIT Principles
Limitation periods
definition of 1.10    
expiration of 10.9    
general period of 10.2    
modification by parties 10.4    10.4    10.4    
renewal of 10.4    
restitution 10.11    
suspension of 10.8    10.8    10.8    10.8    
Liquidated damages
see: Agreed payment for non-performance
Long-term contracts
Mandatory rules
mandatory rules prevail 1.4    
mandatory rules if Principles incorporated in contract 1.4    
mandatory rules if Principles law governing contract 1.4    
mandatory rules to be found in the Principles 1.5    
examples 7.4.13    7.4.13    7.4.13    7.4.13    7.4.13    
Merger clause
defined 2.1.17    
standard terms containing 2.1.21    
Mistake
avoidance due to 3.2.2    
defined 3.2.1    
fraud distinguished 3.2.5    3.2.5    
in expression or transmission 3.2.3    3.2.3    
loss of right to avoid 3.2.10    
Modification in a particular form
clause requiring 2.1.18    
standard terms containing 2.1.21    
Modification of contract
by agreement of parties 1.3    
no need for cause 3.1.2    
no need for consideration 3.1.2    
no requirement as to form 1.2    
Negotiations
breaking off 2.1.15    
conclusion of contract dependent on agreement in a specific form 2.1.13    
conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific terms 2.1.13    
duty of confidentiality and 2.1.16    
freedom of 2.1.15    
good faith and fair dealing in 6.1.14    6.1.14    6.1.14    
interference in by third parties 3.2.8    
interpretation of contract and 4.3    
merger clause 4.8    4.8    
standard terms and 2.1.20    2.1.20    
terms deliberately left open 2.1.14    
No oral modification clause
see: Modification in a particular form
Non-performance
anticipatory 7.3.3    7.3.3    
defined 7.1.1    
excuses for 7.4.1    
exemption clauses 7.1.6    
force majeure 7.1.7    
interference by other party 7.1.2    
withholding performance 7.1.3    
excuses for 7.4.1    
exemption clauses 7.1.6    
force majeure 7.1.7    
interference by other party 7.1.2    
withholding performance 7.1.3    
fundamental 7.3.1    7.3.1    7.3.1    
of obligation of best efforts 5.1.4    
failure to achieve a specific result distinguished 5.1.4    
Notice
defined 1.10    
effective upon receipt 1.10    
interpretation of 4.2    
no requirement as to form 1.10    
Obligations
best efforts or specific result 5.1.4    
determing which applies 5.1.5    
duty of co-operation 5.1.3    
duty to mitigate damages 7.4.8    7.4.8    
implied 5.1.1    
quality of performance due 5.1.6    
Offer
defined 2.1.2    
effective upon receipt 2.1.3    
irrevocable 2.1.4    
rejection of 2.1.5    
revocation of 2.1.4    
withdrawal of 2.1.3    
Pacta sunt servanda
see: Contract
Party autonomy
see: Contract
Payment
currency of account 6.1.9    
exchange rate applicable 6.1.9    
form of 6.1.7    
cheque or other instrument 6.1.7    
transfer of funds 6.1.8    
mandatory rules pertaining to 6.1.9    6.1.9    
on delivery 6.1.4    
place for 6.1.9    6.1.9    6.1.9    6.1.9    6.1.9    6.1.9    
Penalty clause
see: Agreed payment for non-performance
Performance
costs of 6.1.11    
earlier 6.1.5    
late performance 7.1.5    
damages 7.4.1    
order of 6.1.4    
overdue 7.3.2    
partial 6.1.3    
place for 6.1.6    
change in place of 6.1.6    
of monetary obligation 6.1.6    
funds transfer 6.1.8    
of non-moetary obligations 6.1.6    
quality of performance due 5.1.6    
time of 6.1.1    
withholding of 7.1.3    
Practices
binding character 1.9    
fraudulent 3.2.5    
modes of acceptance and 2.1.6    
source of implied obligations 5.1.2    
Pre-contractual liability
see: Negotiations
see: Damages
Price
determination 5.1.7    
by third person 5.1.7    
by one party 5.1.7    
not determined in offer 2.1.11    
reasonable price 5.1.7    
due to nature of obligation incurred 5.1.5    
indexation 5.1.7    
renegotiation of 6.2.3    
Private international law rules
applicable mandatory rules determined on basis of 1.4    
law governing contract and Preamble    
relevant public permission requirements determined on the basis of 6.1.14    
Public permission requirements
application for 6.1.14    
cost of 6.1.15    
duty of best efforts 6.1.14    
notice of outcome 6.1.15    
party required to file 6.1.14    6.1.14    
defined 6.1.14    
determination of relevant permission requirements 6.1.14    
duty to inform of existence of 6.1.14    
permission neither granted nor refused 6.1.16    
permission refused 6.1.17    
affecting validity of contract 7.2.2    7.2.2    7.2.2    
rendering performance impossible 7.2.2    7.2.2    7.2.2    
Reasonable expectation of non-performance
remedies in case of 7.3.4    
Release by agreement
Remedies
change of 7.2.5    
cumulation of 7.1.1    
for breach of confidentiality 2.1.16    
for early performance 6.1.5    
for failure to obtain public permission 6.1.16    
for non-performance 3.2.4    3.2.4    
for partial performance 6.1.3    
in case of impossibility 7.2.2    
in case of notice to cure 7.1.4    
withholding performance 7.1.5    7.1.5    7.1.5    
Renunciation of rights
See: Release by agreement
Repair and replacement
form of 7.1.4    
of defective performance 7.2.3    
Replacement transaction
availability of, precluding specific performance 7.2.2    
damages based on 7.4.5    
required by duty to mitigate 7.4.8    7.4.8    
Restitution
inconsistent with right to cure 7.1.4    
on avoidance 3.2.14    
on termination 7.3.6    
Right to performance
defective performance 7.2.3    
non-performance of monetary obligation 7.2.1    
non-performance of non-monetary obligation 7.2.3    
damages,may be combined with 7.4.1    
exceptions to right to performance 7.2.2    
remedy non discretionary 7.2.2    
right to change of remedy 7.2.5    
Scope of UNIDROIT Principles
see: UNIDROIT Principles
Set-off
by notice 8.4    8.4    
conditions of 8.1    
effects of 8.5    
foreign currency 8.2    
Specific performance
see: Right to performance
Standard terms
battle of forms 2.1.22    
defined 2.1.19    
interpretation of 4.6    4.6    
surprising terms in 2.1.20    
when binding 2.1.20    2.1.20    
Supplementation of UNIDROIT Principles
see: UNIDROIT Principles
Supplying omitted terms
see: Terms of contract
Termination
anticipatory non-performance and 7.3.3    
by agreement between parties 3.1.2    
by unilateral notice 7.3.1    
after demand of assurances 7.3.4    
after Nachfrist 7.3.1    7.3.1    
based on non-performance 7.3.1    
even if non-performance excused 7.1.1    
non-performance must be fundamental 7.3.3    7.3.3    7.3.3    7.3.3    
based on non-performance 7.3.1    
even if non-performance excused 7.1.1    
non-performance must be fundamental 7.3.3    7.3.3    7.3.3    7.3.3    
contract for indefinite period 5.1.8    
effects of 7.3.5    
contract terms unaffected 7.3.5    
does not affect claim for damages 7.4.1    7.4.1    7.4.1    
effects on third parties not covered 1.3    
force majeure and 7.1.7    7.1.7    
hardship and 6.2.3    
inconsistent with notice of cure 7.1.4    
Terms of contract
avoidance of individual terms 3.2.7    3.2.7    3.2.7    
deliberately left open 2.1.14    
implied obligations 5.1.1    
sources of 5.1.2    
insistence on specific terms 2.1.13    
supplying of omitted terms 4.8    
Third party rights
conferred by express or implied agreement 5.2.1    
defences 5.2.4    
exclusion or limitation of beneficiary's liability 5.2.3    
identificability of the beneficiary 5.2.2    
renunciation 5.2.6    
revocation 5.2.5    
Third persons
effect of contract on, not covered by UNIDROIT Principles 1.3    
interference of in negotiations 3.2.8    
rights of third persons in case of termination not covered 7.3.6    
Threat
adaptation of contract on ground of 3.2.10    
avoidance of contract on ground of 3.2.6    
imputable to third persons 3.2.8    
Transfer of obligations
by agreement 9.2.1    
consent of obligee required 9.2.3    
discharge of original obligor 9.2.5    
given in advance 9.2.4    
new obligor's rights 9.2.7    
rights related 9.2.8    
third party performance 9.2.6    
Unequal bargaining power
see: Gross disparity
UNIDROIT Principles
and mandatory rules of national, supranational and international origin 1.4    
exclusion and modification of 1.5    
mandatory rules of 7.4.13    7.4.13    7.4.13    7.4.13    7.4.13    
general principles underlying 1.6    
absence of specific requirements as to form 1.2    1.2    
freedom of contract 1.5    1.5    
full compensation 7.4.2    
good faith and fair dealing 1.7    
pacta sunt servanda 1.3    
reasonableness 5.1.7    5.1.7    5.1.7    5.1.7    5.1.7    5.1.7    5.1.7    
interpretation of 1.6    
matters not covered by 1.6    
consumer transactions Preamble    
immorality or illegality 3.1.1    
lack of authority 3.1.1    
lack of capacity 3.1.1    
scope of Preamble    
commercial contracts Preamble    
international contracts Preamble    
supplementation of 1.6    
Unilateral declarations
invalidity of 3.2.17    
Usages
binding character of 1.9    
circumstance relevant to interpretation 4.3    
mistake 3.2.2    
means of overcoming indefiniteness 2.1.2    
modes of acceptance and 2.1.6    
order of performance determined by 6.1.4    
requiring replacement transaction 7.4.5    7.4.5    
source of implied obligation 5.1.2    
standard terms and 2.1.19    
UNIDROIT Principles superseded by 1.9    
Validity of contract
grounds of invalidity not covered 3.1.1    
provisions concerning validity of mandatory character 3.1.4    3.1.4    
public permission requirements affecting 7.2.2    7.2.2    7.2.2    7.2.2    
Venire contra factum proprium
see: Inconsistent behaviour
See: Inconsistent behaviour
Writing
defined 1.11    
electronic communications and 1.11    
Writings in confirmation
defined 2.1.12    
varying terms of contract contained in 2.1.12